Fertility is the natural ability to conceive a child. For many people, fertility happens without difficulty — but for others, the journey can be complex, emotional, and medically challenging.
At The Fertility Foundation, we support individuals and couples across the UK who are navigating fertility challenges and may need IVF or other treatment support.
This guide explains what fertility means, what affects it, and what options are available if you’re struggling to conceive.
What Is Fertility?
Fertility refers to the ability to conceive naturally. For pregnancy to occur:
The ovaries must release an egg (ovulation)
Sperm must reach and fertilise the egg
The fertilised egg must implant in the uterus
When any part of this process is disrupted, fertility problems can occur.
How Common Are Fertility Problems?
Fertility issues are more common than many people realise.
Around 1 in 6 couples experience fertility difficulties.
Both male and female factors contribute equally.
In some cases, no clear cause is identified.
Fertility challenges can affect people of all ages and backgrounds.
What Affects Fertility?
Several factors influence fertility in both men and women.
1. Age and Fertility
Age is one of the most significant factors.
Female fertility naturally declines from the early 30s.
After age 35, the decline becomes more noticeable.
Male fertility can also decrease with age, particularly sperm quality.
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2. Hormonal Conditions
Conditions such as:
Endometriosis
Thyroid disorders
Low ovarian reserve
can affect ovulation and overall fertility health.
3. Male Fertility Factors
Male fertility issues may include:
- Low sperm count
- Poor sperm motility
- Abnormal sperm shape
- Hormonal imbalance
Roughly 40–50% of fertility cases involve male factors.
4. Lifestyle and Fertility
Certain lifestyle factors may reduce fertility:
Smoking
Excess alcohol
Obesity or being underweight
Poor diet
Lack of sleep
Small lifestyle changes can sometimes improve fertility outcomes.
Fertility Tests Explained
If you have been trying to conceive for:
12 months (under 35)
6 months (over 35)
it may be time to seek medical advice.
Common fertility tests include:
For Women:
Blood hormone testing
AMH (ovarian reserve test)
Ultrasound scans
Ovulation tracking
For Men:
Semen analysis
Hormone testing
Early testing can provide clarity and guide treatment options.
Fertility Treatments Available
If natural conception is not successful, several fertility treatments may be recommended:
Ovulation induction
IUI (Intrauterine insemination)
IVF (In Vitro Fertilisation)
ICSI
Donor eggs or sperm
For many people, IVF becomes a necessary step — but it can be financially overwhelming.
At The Fertility Foundation, we provide IVF grants to help make treatment more accessible.
👉 Learn more about applying for an IVF Grant
Can Fertility Be Improved?
In some cases, fertility can be supported through:
Maintaining a healthy weight
Balanced nutrition
Reducing stress
Quitting smoking
Limiting alcohol
Taking prenatal vitamins (if advised by a GP)
However, not all fertility issues can be resolved through lifestyle changes alone. Medical guidance is essential.
When to Seek Fertility Support
You should speak to your GP if:
You’ve been trying to conceive for over a year
Your periods are irregular or absent
You have known reproductive health conditions
You are over 35 and trying for 6+ months
You have had multiple miscarriages
Early intervention improves outcomes.
Fertility Support in the UK
Access to NHS fertility treatment varies depending on your location. Many people turn to private IVF due to long waiting lists or limited funding.
This creates financial barriers — and that’s where The Fertility Foundation exists to help.
We provide IVF grants to individuals and couples who would otherwise struggle to afford treatment.
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Need Financial Help for IVF?
Learn how our IVF grants work and whether you qualify.
[Apply for an IVF Grant]
Frequently Asked Questions About Fertility
What is the difference between fertility and infertility?
Fertility is the ability to conceive naturally. Infertility is typically diagnosed after 12 months of trying without success.
At what age does fertility decline?
Female fertility begins to gradually decline in the early 30s and more rapidly after 35.
Can stress affect fertility?
Chronic stress may impact hormonal balance and ovulation, though it is rarely the sole cause.
How do I know if I have fertility problems?
Only medical testing can confirm fertility issues. If you are concerned, consult your GP.